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Khí canh - Aeroponics Grow Systems

11:34:00

Trồng cần sa với khí canh

1. Khí canh là gì?

What is Aeroponics?

Khí canh là một hệ thống phát triển cây trồng, mang lại nhiều lợi thế cho sự phát triển của cây cần sa. Đơn giản mà nói thì khí canh phát triển cây trồng với bộ rễ lơ lửng trong không khí trong buồng nuôi, không cần đất trồng, trong một hệ thống khép kín. Dung dịch nước giàu dinh dưỡng được phun vào rễ của cây như được treo lơ lửng trong không khí. Các vi sinh vật trên cây được ở trong một môi trường giàu oxy, cho phép thời gian để vi khuẩn tiêu hóa các chất dinh dưỡng và được hấp thụ vào cây 1 cách dễ dàng. Một điều nữa là tuần hoàn khí CO2 trong phòng cho phép tăng cường hơn nữa sự phát triển.
Aeroponics is a system of growing plants that offers many advantages for marijuana growing. Simply defined, aeroponics grows plants with their roots suspended in the air in a grow chamber, with no medium, in a closed-loop system. Nutrient-rich water is sprayed on the roots of the plants as they dangle in the air. The microbes on the plant are in an oxygen-rich environment, which allows the microbes time to digest the nutrients and to make them immediately available to the plant’s circulatory system. Well-circulating CO2 in the room allows further enhance growth.
Aeroponics

Một số phương pháp trồng cây khác:

2. Hệ thống khí canh bao gồm: 
- Hộp nuôi dưỡng (Hộp kín có nắp được sơn đen bên ngoài để cho ánh sáng không thể lọt vào bên trong, thường được làm bằng sốp)
- Máy bơm: Dùng để bơm dung dịch dinh dưỡng để phun lên cây
- Đầu phun: có tác dụng tạo ra tia nước dạng sương để cây có thể hấp thu qua rễ được
- Chậu đỡ giá thể: dùng để đỡ thân cây ko bị đổ cũng như cố định cây để rễ cây được treo lơ lửng trên không trung.

3. Làm thế nào để hệ thống khí canh hoạt động?

- Cây trồng được trồng trong chậu sơ dừa hoặc giá thể đỡ, rễ được thả lơ lửng trong thùng nuôi dưỡng bên trên một hệ thống phun sương:

 khí canh rễ khỏe mạnh
  • - Rễ cây được phun một hỗn hợp của nước và chất dinh dưỡng ở áp suất cao với với bộ phận hẹn giờ bật/tắt;
  • - Các khoảng này rất quan trọng để đạt được những lợi thế lớn của phát triển khí canh - tiết kiệm điện, giảm sự bay hơi và chất thải, cũng như làm giảm khả năng của các bệnh như thối rễ.
  • - Các khoảng thời gian "off" cung cấp cho cây một khoảng thời gian nghỉ ngơi, để các chất dinh dưỡng có thể được hấp thụ và được đưa vào hệ thống tuần hoàn cho cây.
  • Khí canh sử dụng ít nước và chất dinh dưỡng ít hơn các hệ thống phát triển khác.
  • Các nước giàu dinh dưỡng nằm trong một hệ thống khép kín, một hệ thống khí canh tốt sẽ có nắp trên chậu trồng cây và chỉ để mỗi thân thò ra ngoài để giảm sự bay hơi của nước.  Hệ thống này làm giảm nguy cơ của các chất dinh dưỡng trở nên đậm đặc quá nhanh.
  • Ánh sáng cũng được ngăn chặn xâm nhập vùng rễ, để cho tảo không thể phát triển.
  • Môi trường tương đối sạch bệnh này cho phép trồng cây ở mật độ cao hơn, do đó bạn có thể phát triển thêm cây trên một mét vuông so với bất kỳ hệ thống tăng trưởng khác. Kĩ thuật này cho năng suất thu hoạch cao hơn bất cứ một hệ thống trồng cây nào khác.

  • Khí canh không phải dành cho người mới bắt đầu


  • Một người trồng cần sa chuyên nghiệp sẽ biết làm thế nào để cây phát triển khỏe mạnh, vì vậy các vấn đề trở lên rõ ràng sớm từ đầu các quy trình. Nếu bạn là một người không giỏi kỹ thuật, nó có thể không phải là một hệ thống dành cho bạn. Như bất kỳ một người trồng khí canh nào, bạn nên cảm thấy thoải mái nếu phải thay thế vòi phun, máy bơm và các thiết bị cần thiết để giữ cho hệ thống của bạn làm việc hoàn hảo.

    TAG hoặc FAG và Áp suất cao và Áp suất thấp trong khí canh.

    Nhiều trang web mở lên một cuộc tranh luận tích cực về chủ đề những gì tạo lên một hệ thống khí canh đúng  (True aeroponic grow hay TAG) so với một trang giả khí canh (faux/fake aeroponic grow FAG.) Một cách khác để phân biệt giữa khí canh áp suất cao (high pressure aeroponics HPS) và áp suất thấp (low pressure aeroponics LPS). Nói chung, một hệ thống khí canh đúng nghĩa là phun chất dinh dưỡng dạng sương mù vào hệ thống cây trong hộp trồng cây, đó là sự khác biệt so với các phương pháp khác. Ngược lại, một "faux aeroponic grow" hoặc khí canh áp suất thấp (LPA) sẽ sử dụng một màn sương phun (thường là những hạt nước có kích thước lớn hơn) cũng giống như bất kì một hệ thống cung cấp nước và chất dinh dưỡng kết hợp phát triển cây trong một buồng hoặc hồ. Sản phẩm của LPAs droplets that are visible to the naked eye. The other water and nutrient delivery systems available for FAG include top-feeding drippers. In addition, there are other systems which allow the plant roots to grow into the nutrient solution at the bottom of a combined grow chamber and reservoir. A FAG might more accurately be called a hybrid system. Most DIY aeroponics units are low pressure hybrid systems.
    aerponics system diagram
    A true aeroponic grow utilizes a reservoir that is separate from the root chamber.
    Other characteristics of a TAG are a high-pressure pump and mister heads that produce a fog in the root chamber.
    • TAGs are also referred to as high-pressure aeroponic systems (HPS.)
    • The fog produced in a TAG/HPS consists of droplets smaller than 50 microns;
    • A TAG also uses a cycling timer that can spray the nutrients for 1 to 5 seconds and then shut off for 3 to 5 minutes. This short burst of nutrient solution on the roots coupled with the downtime will create a root network of tiny root hairs allowing maximum colonization of microorganisms, which actually do the work of processing the nutrients into a form that the plant can digest;
    • Minimum droplet size + effective on/off misting timing = more root growth = more surface area for microbes = amazing plant growth! (More on this in the section on nutrients later.)
    5 root hairs

    Increased Yields

    Extensive root growth allows increased yields and combined with the maximum root-zone air circulation and minimal risk of disease, aeroponic systems display an advantage over more traditional indoor hydroponic systems.
    The high oxygen environment is responsible for the massive root growth seen in aeroponic grows. This has been scientifically proven to increase crop yields by as much as 10x over the use of soil. Aeroponics allows for a very short veg time, so not only will your yields increase due to healthier plants, but also because you will be able to grow more crops per year.

    However, the very small margin of error in an aeroponic system creates a disadvantage.

    • For instance, if electrical power stops for any reason, plants will wilt and die rather quickly because there is no water at their roots;
    • You’ll need to keep a close eye on your equipment to make sure your plants don’t have dry spots where the mist isn’t reaching the roots – especially as the root system develops;

    Aeroponics Step by Step Guide

    Step 1 – Which Aeroponics System?
    So you’ve decided you want to give aeroponics a try. There are many systems on the market to get you started. You’re only limited by the amount of space you have available and your budget.
    The lowest end systems are DIY or a retail version of a DIY. These are basically hybrid systems –they don’t have a separate reservoir. When the roots reach the lower part of the growing chamber, they will be in the nutrient solution. The nutrient solution is oxygenated so this shouldn’t cause a problem, unless roots get tangled in your equipment so it can’t perform. An example of a very inexpensive retail system is the Stealth Aeroponic system. You really won’t save much by constructing this unit yourself, although you’d save on shipping.
    stealth hydro
    The Aerogarden is an inexpensive starter system that even includes a CFL light. Designed to grow herbs with shallow roots (like basil and thyme) on a kitchen countertop, these units have a devoted, albeit small, following in aeroponic marijuana growers’ forums. Keep in mind that most users of the Aerogarden recommend supplemental grow lighting – which could be as simple as some CFL’s on the side.
    aerogarden
    Moving toward a more professional grow system, that you’ll want to check out the General Hydroponics Aeroflo2 system. This hybrid system comes in a variety of sizes from 18 to 60 plant sites. Nutrient solution is sprayed through the long, narrow root chamber and is constantly flowing along the bottom. This system is designed to run 24/7.
    A good example of a higher-end systemis the Botanicare aerojet 4 x 4 tray. This unit has misters inside the grow chamber and water flows out the bottom and back to the reservoir. Unlike the other units described, this unit (as well as other smaller units by Botanicare) has a separate reservoir. This system also has a timer that has a one minute on/four minutes off setting, so you won’t have to spend extra money on an external cycling timer. Again, if you aren’t using a cycling timer, you aren’t going to gain all the benefits possible from aeroponics.
    aerojet2 4x4

    Construct Your Own DIY System:

    You can construct your own DIY hybrid aeroponics system in 2 to 3 hours. The cost will vary depending on what materials you have on hand and how much you spend on your timer. This system has 6 plant sites, but you can expand or reduce based on what you want.

    Materials needed:

    • 25 Gallon Rubbermaid Tote (Rubbermaid brand has plastic that is soft enough to cut easily. Get a dark color so light can’t penetrate the reservoir;
    • 4 feet of 3/4″ PVC pipe (get a little extra just in case);
    • 1 PVC T shaped connector– 1/2″ threaded bottom, 3/4″ open sides (not threaded);
    • 2 PVC T shaped connectors– 3/4″ open sides;
    • 4 PVC 90 degree elbows– 3/4″ open sides;
    • 6″ long 1/2″ nipple pipe (look in the section of the hardware store with sprinkler fittings);
    • Water Pump– about 275 to 300 GPH;
    • 12 sprinkler heads, ¼ inch, 360 degrees circular spray pattern
    • 6 net pots, whatever size you want to use (3.75 inches or smaller recommended);
    • 6 foam inserts, same size as net pots;
    • PVC primer and glue;
    • Teflon plumbers tape (optional for threaded pipe);
    • Cycling timer;

    The suggested tools for this job are:

    • Drill and drill bit – whatever size you need to drill the holes for the sprinkler heads;
    • Hole saw, jigsaw or small hand saw, or serrated knife (for cutting out holes for the pots in the lid);
    • Saw or special pipe cutters for cutting PVC pipe

    Instructions:

    • ✓ Line up the net pots on the top of the Rubbermaid Tote lid, three on each side of the lid (depending on how neat you’d like it to look, you may want to space them evenly.) Trace the open end of the mesh pots on the lid with a marker;
    • ✓ Cut holes for the pots. Use a hole saw to cut the holes, or start by drilling a large hole into one of the circles you drew, then use a jigsaw or other saw or knife to cut along the inside of the line you made with a marker (you can always cut a larger hole, but obviously you can’t make one smaller.) Cut a notch large enough to fit the pump cord through on one of the holes for the pots. Once you are finished cutting out all holes, clear away any plastic debris so it doesn’t end up in your system when you finish;
    • ✓ Lay out your fittings in the bottom of the container. Put the 90 degree pipe fittings in each corner. Put a T fitting in the center of each of the two long sides of the rectangle. The T fitting with the threaded ½ inch connector will go between these two T fittings, with the threaded end pointing toward the bottom of the container (this will connect to the pump.)
    • ✓ Cut lengths of PVC pipe to connect the fittings. Cut them a little longer than you think will be necessary – you can always cut them shorter. You’ll have six longer pieces to connect the T fittings to the corner 90 degree fittings, and two shorter pieces to connect the two center T fittings with the T fitting that is pointed down toward the bottom of the container.
    • ✓ Drill holes for the sprinkler heads in the six longer PVC pipe sections. Clear all debris from the pipes.
    • ✓ Dry fit the pipes to the connector fittings and cut the PVC pipe to fit if you need to. Make sure the holes for the sprinkler heads are pointing up toward the top of the container.
    • ✓ Prime the interior of the fittings and the exterior of the PVC pipe sections with the PVC primer.
    • ✓ Apply PVC glue to each of the pipe ends and slip into the fittings. Keep in mind the angle of the fittings as you are putting things together so that sprinkler head holes are pointing up, the open ends of the fittings are pointed horizontally and the one center T fitting with the threaded end pointing downward. Once you have glued the pipes to the fittings, you have less than a minute to make adjustments before the glue sets.
    • ✓ Attach the sprinkler heads to the PVC pipe.
    • ✓ Attach the 6 inch, ½ inch diameter nipple to the threaded end of T fitting and to the pump. Use Teflon tape on the threads if you like.
    • ✓ Put water in the bottom of the container and test out the system. Make any adjustments needed.
    • ✓ Run the electrical cord for the pump through the notch in the lid.
    • ✓ Fill the container with water, adjust pH and nutrients.
    • ✓ Place the net pots in the lid, fill with enough properly rinsed hydroton to support the plants, and add plants.
    • ✓ Plug in the pump to a cycling timer and you are good to go!

    Step 2 – Which Grow Lights

    When choosing lights, your main concern will be how much heat the lights will generate. You also don’t want the water in your aeroponics system getting too warm. Anything that will raise water temperature beyond 75°F (24°C) needs to be neutralized. If the temperature becomes too hot, you may have to cool your reservoir (or combo reservoir/grow chamber) with an expensive chiller unit.
    While it’s possible to use high intensity discharge (HID) lights successfully with an aeroponic system, it is advisable to look to cooler light sources such as CFLs or LEDs. Using cooler lights simply reduces the likelihood that you’ll have to contend with the negative effects of higher room temperatures.
    super grow led grow light

    Step 3 – Nutrients

    Once you have your lighting system secured, think about nutrients and how you’re going to feed your plants. Whether you choose to grow with synthetic chemicals or with organics (or a combination of both), it is important to remember that less is more.
    Start by researching what types of nutrients you want to use and what concentrations of those specific nutrients are recommended by other aeroponic growers using the same brand of nutrient. A good rule-of-thumb is to start with ¼ of the amount the manufacturer recommends.
    • Keep an eye on your plants to make sure they aren’t displaying signs of toxicity or deficiency;
    • Adjust in small increments rather than larger ones to avoid shock to your plants;
    • Remember that nutrients don’t just include the macro nutrients— nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) — because micro nutrients are also essential to the health of the plants;
    • Also important are beneficial microorganisms, or microbes. All healthy root systems occur because colonies of beneficial microbes have formed on the roots. The microbes actually process the nutrients into a form that the roots can accept. Keep this in mind before dosing your water with peroxide or other solutions that might harm these microbes. You want to have a symbiotic relationship with these tiny organisms. You don’t want to go to war with them.
    Again, adjust all nutrients in small increments to avoid damaging your crop. Patience in learning how much of your nutrient solution is appropriate for your system will be rewarded with better harvests and easier grows. You’ll need a properly calibrated EC (electrical conductivity) or TDS (total dissolved solids) meter to measure the strength of the nutrients in your reservoir. If you have plant nutrient recommendations in EC units, you should get an EC meter. If your plant nutrient recommendations are in ppm (parts-per-million) values, a TDS meter is best.
    tds meter
    Keep in mind that the density of your nutrients will increase if water in your system evaporates. If your system does not have caps over the growing medium, you don’t have a closed system and water will evaporate quickly. It is also possible that light will penetrate your water. Covering unused plant sites on your system can help minimize evaporation and light pollution.

    Step 4 – Water

    You’ve added nutrients. The next step is water. Keep a few things in mind: the pH of the water, water temperature and how often you need to change the system’s water. You may want to start with distilled or filtered water. At a minimum, fill your reservoir and let it sit without a cover. Chlorine is added to most tap water and you don’t want chlorine on your grow. Allow the reservoir to sit without a cover for at least 24 hours, preferably more. It is highly advisable to keep an extra reservoir with water that has been allowed to sit like this in your grow room so that the water is available when needed.Reservoirs should not be translucent – you need to prevent light from penetrating the water so that algae doesn’t grow. Algae can clog your system and use available nutrients that your plants need. It’s easier—and best for your crop— to prevent algae rather than treat your water to rid an otherwise healthy grow of it.
    Read more about marijuana pH here, so I won’t go into depth here – I’ll just mention that the ideal pH is between 5.5 and 6.5.
    You’ll also need to monitor your water temperature – there are a lot of opinions about what water temp is best, but it is generally agreed that a range of 65 to 75°F (18 to 24°C) is good for your plants. Ideally you’ll keep the temp on the warmer end of the range for cloning and at the lower end for the grow. If your water temperature is too low, you should be able to correct with relatively inexpensive aquarium heater.
    aquarium water heater
    Water chillers, however, are expensive. If your water temperature is too high you should consider all the variables that might be contributing to the higher temperature – your lighting system, your air circulation and air temperature.
    009 water chiller

    Things to consider

    • Is your pump motor working too hard or too much (consider cycling 1 minute on, 4 or 5 minutes off)?
    • Do you have a reservoir separate from your grow chamber? Can you put your reservoir on the floor (where it is coolest) and have your plants elevated?
    Treating your grow as holistically as possible will always help troubleshooting when problems arise. Often one thing OR another isn’t completely wrong—it’s that two, three or more things are off just a bit.
    You are going to need to change your reservoir water to prevent the buildup of salts and to keep your system healthy. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions, monitor your nutrients and pH, and change as often as necessary (depending upon your set up and conditions, this could mean every five days, every week, every ten days – many factors can affect how often the water needs changing.)
    Finally, please consider the environment when you dispose of your old reservoir water. The best place to dump your water is in your own yard or garden, but not directly on plants (other than grass.) Storm drains in the street take water directly to rivers, streams, lakes or the sea and the additional nutrients aren’t good for these bodies of water or the things that live in them. Additionally, sewer systems can’t filter out all the additional nutrients so they’ll end up back in a river or the sea anyway.

    Step 5 – Air

    Maintaining optimal room temperature 70°F (21°C) and keeping the air in your grow room circulating is essential to a healthy grow. Well-placed exhaust fans (in addition to any exhaust fans you may have for your lights – depending on the size of your grow room) to pull fresh air into the room (and send the old air outdoors) will bring needed CO2 into your space. CO2 is the lifeblood of any plant and well-circulating air assists in moving it into your grow space. Speaking of exhaust – you will probably also want to consider how all that expelled air from your grow room is going to smell. Don’t overlook the importance of oscillating fans to strengthen stems and to help your plants support themselves. Oscillating fans also help prevent mold and keep pests—like whitefly—at bay. Keep in mind that moving so much air is going to reduce the humidity in your grow room and you may need to take steps to correct that. You also may choose to use added CO2 to enhance your grow, depending on your budget or other factors.

    Step 6 – Growing plants!

    You’re almost ready to bring plants into your grow room. Always remember that cleanliness and hygiene are essential to the success of your grow. Start with a tight, clean space before any equipment goes in, clean up after you add each new component to your grow room and keep your grow room as clean as you would hope your doctor’s office is. Any and all effort that you can make to assure cleanliness in your space is a problem that you are preventing. Prevention is always easier than a cure.
    Because aeroponic systems’ designs don’t include support for the canopy—often with a 3 to 6 inch hole in the top of a chamber with roots suspended in the air—you need to think about supporting your plants before you bring those plants into your grow room.
    sog
    scrog
    cultivation methods should be considered.
    Once your plant is 18 inches tall, it’s going to need some additional support. Consider the strain you are growing – generally speaking, indica strains don’t grow as tall as sativa strains do.
    If you want to start your plants from seed, use these instructions for germinating seed in Rockwool.
    If you are interested in growing plants from clones, plant the clones in Rockwool and once they have rooted, plant your cube into some hydroton in your aeroponic system (don’t forget to cap your net pot!) You may be able to forego the hydroton all together if your pots are small enough. Follow instructions for lighting and nutrient use specific to starting seeds and clones.
    aeroponic clones
    For the rest of your grow, follow instructions for lighting and nutrient use (modify as necessary to apply the general principles for using nutes with aeroponics that were discussed earlier) for vegging andflowering phases.

    Continuing your aeroponics grow

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